Loss-of-function mutations in the PINK1 or parkin genes result in recessive heritable forms of parkinsonism. Genetic studies of Drosophila orthologs of PINK1 and parkin indicate that PINK1. a mitochondrially targeted serine/threonine kinase. acts upstream of Parkin. https://www.countryscenesaddleryandpetsuppliers.shop/product-category/snaffle/